Iran deploys AI surveillance to enforce hijab laws and suppress dissent
A United Nations report documents Iran's use of drones, facial recognition technology, and a government-backed mobile app to monitor and enforce mandatory hijab compliance, while suppressing dissent particularly against women. The system integrates mass surveillance across transportation and public spaces, with reported links to enforcement actions including allegations of torture and capital punishment.
What happened
According to a UN report released on 15 March 2025, Iran has intensified deployment of advanced surveillance technology including aerial drones, facial recognition software, and a government-backed mobile app called 'Nazer' to enforce mandatory hijab laws and monitor compliance in public spaces.
The Nazer app enables both police and civilians to report women alleged to violate hijab requirements by submitting vehicle license plate numbers, location, and time of violation, after which authorities are automatically notified and text messages are sent to vehicle owners warning of violations and potential vehicle impoundment. The app's coverage was expanded in September 2024 to include women in ambulances, taxis, and public transportation.
Facial recognition software has been installed at locations such as Amirkabir University in Tehran, and aerial drones have been deployed in Tehran and southern regions for ongoing monitoring of hijab compliance.
Reported impact
The UN report highlights concerns that Iran has expanded use of artificial intelligence and mass surveillance to suppress dissent, particularly targeting women and girls.
The report notes allegations of human rights violations including torture and executions, with 10 men executed in the context of 2022 protests and at least 14 others at risk of execution, amid serious concerns over fair trial rights, torture-tainted confessions, and due process violations. Under Article 286 of Iran's Islamic Penal Code, women accused of 'corruption on earth' could face the death penalty.
Classification
Sources and evidence
This record was researched and written by the Index, based on the following original reporting.